Environmental changes have a profound effect on cardiovascular health. Historical events, such as the 1952 Great Smog in the UK, which led to about 4,000 excess deaths, highlight the serious effects of environmental pollution on health. Modern research confirms that these environmental influences can adversely affect cardiovascular health from the prenatal stage through adolescence.
Climate change and heart health
Climate change, particularly rising temperatures, has several effects on cardiovascular health. As external temperatures rise, the body works harder to regulate its internal temperature. This involves dilating blood vessels in the skin and increasing heart activity.
In individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, this added strain can lead to cardiovascular disease events. A 2022 study published in Lancet Planet Health found that for every 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature, there is a 2.1 per cent increase in cardiovascular disease mortality rate.
Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to heat stress caused by climate change. Evidence suggests that exposure to extreme heat during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. Animal studies indicate that even a small increase in body temperature during pregnancy can result in birth defects affecting the nervous system and the heart. Similar associations have been observed in human studies, linking high maternal heat stress with foetal abnormalities.
Airborne pollution
Airborne pollution, whether from industrial activities or natural wildfires, releases harmful gases and particulate matter into the environment. Exposure to these pollutants is linked to congenital heart disease and cardiovascular disease. In children, Kawasaki disease, a condition characterised by inflammation and dilation of the heart arteries, has been associated with air pollution.
Short-term exposure to particulate matter, particularly during the prenatal period, seems to increase the risk of Kawasaki disease. While the causal relationship is not yet fully established, it is advisable for pregnant women and young children to minimise exposure to air pollution.
A NEWSLETTER FOR YOU
Friday, 2 pm
Lifestyle
Our picks of the latest dining, travel and leisure options to treat yourself.
Lead exposure
Lead is a common environmental pollutant with several adverse health effects, including high blood pressure. Lead exposure, through inhalation or ingestion, accumulates in bones and soft tissues, with a long half-life leading to prolonged exposure. In the US, legislation has significantly reduced blood lead levels in children from 15 micrograms per decilitre (μg/dL) in the 1970s to 0.6 μg/dL by 2018.
However, even low levels of lead can impair brain development and cognitive function. Studies show that higher lead levels are associated with increased systolic blood pressure and a greater risk of hypertension.
Chemical disruption of the hormonal system
Modern life is heavily intertwined with chemicals that affect our hormonal systems, often in ways that are detrimental to health. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which include phenols, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are pervasive in our environment and consumer products.
These substances have been linked to a range of health issues, including cardiovascular disease, which has been shown to more than double the risk of cardiovascular mortality in some studies conducted in the US.
EDCs interfere with the body’s hormonal systems, which can lead to serious health issues. Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to EDCs due to exposure through placental transmission, breastfeeding, contaminated utensils and everyday products. Early exposure during critical developmental stages can lead to irreversible effects on organ structure and function.
Phenols and bisphenols
Phenols, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes like bisphenol S, were among the first EDCs identified as having harmful cardiovascular effects. BPA exposure is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and heart attacks. The US Food and Drug Administration has banned BPA from plastic infant bottles and cups due to these concerns. Despite this ban, other bisphenols are still used in products such as canned goods and paper products. It is worth noting that more than 90 per cent of US adults have detectable levels of BPA in their bodies, primarily from food packaging. However, avoiding BPA-containing products where possible remains prudent.
Phthalates
Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastics flexible and are commonly found in personal care products, such as shampoos and soaps, as well as in medical tubing. Elevated levels of phthalates are associated with increased systolic blood pressure and impaired vascular compliance. This is partly due to oxidative stress caused by phthalates. Data from the US Paediatric National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2008) shows a correlation between high urinary phthalate levels and elevated blood pressure. Phthalates are also present in up to 40 per cent of some plastic medical devices, raising concerns about medical exposure.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFAS are used for their waterproofing and flame-retardant properties. These chemicals have long half-lives of up to nine years and are difficult to eliminate from the body. Research indicates that exposure to certain levels of PFAS can lead to decreased fertility, increased blood pressure in pregnant women, developmental effects in children, heightened cancer risk and reduced immune function.
Key takeaways for protecting cardiovascular health and reducing exposure to harmful chemicals
1. Manage heat exposure:
-
Avoid prolonged exposure to excessive heat to prevent heat stress, which can negatively impact cardiovascular health.
-
Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to heat stress, which can increase the risk of foetal abnormalities. Therefore, they should avoid activities such as sunbathing or exercising outdoors in hot weather.
2. Minimise air pollution exposure:
-
Airborne pollution can adversely affect cardiovascular health, particularly in pregnant women and young children.
-
Limit outdoor activities when air pollution levels are high and consider using masks if necessary to reduce exposure.
3. Reduce contact with harmful chemicals:
-
Bisphenol A (BPA): Avoid BPA-containing bottles and containers, as BPA has been linked to potential risks for foetal brain development, behaviour and prostate health. Choose glass bottles over plastic and be cautious with baby products that may contain BPA. Also, minimise exposure to BPA from thermal receipts by opting for digital payments.
-
Phthalates: These are found in various personal care products and medical plastics. Check labels to avoid phthalates in shampoos, soaps and cosmetics. Using phthalate-free medical devices can reduce exposure.
-
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Control dust during home renovations to limit PFAS exposure. These chemicals are persistent and can pose long-term health risks.
-
Lead: Even small amounts of lead can be harmful, especially for young children. Avoid contact with lead-based paints, herbal remedies, stained glass, leaded crystal glassware and glazed ceramics.
Adults can take necessary precautions to mitigate environmental risks to their health, but children rely on adults to ensure they achieve optimal health. For pregnant women, minimising environmental exposure not only benefits their own health but also supports the health of their unborn babies.
This article is part of a monthly series on health and well-being, produced in collaboration with Royal Healthcare
link
