Born too soon: decade of action on preterm birth. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073890.
Gruending A, Lawn JE, Reid A, Langlois EV, Jacobsson B, McDougall L, Khosla R, Bhutta ZA, Deorari AK, Kak L, Robb-McCord J, Zaka N, Decena DD, Fogstad H, Banerjee A, Kinney MV, Dube Q. Born Too Soon: Learning from the past to accelerate action in the next decade. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health; 2025.
Ohuma EO, Moller A-B, Bradley E, Chakwera S, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Lewin A, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. The Lancet. 2023;402(10409):1261–71.
Google Scholar
Jacobsson B, Requejo JH, Dey T, Lavin T, Mannah MT, Menon R, Valencia C, Sharma G, Shennan A, Shakibazadeh E, Lumbiganon P, Bar-Zeev S, Steen S, Nguku A, Obara H, Noguchi L, Okong P, Singh SA, Sandall J, Gruending A, Qureshi Z, Vogel J. Born Too Soon: Women’s health and maternal care services, seizing missed opportunities to prevent and manage preterm birth. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health; 2025.
Murless-Collins S, Ezeaka VC, Masoud NS, Walker K, Rhoda NR, Keenan W, Wall S, Bhutta ZA, Duran P, Bolaji O, Edmund K, Gupta G, Lawn JE. Born Too Soon: Care for small and sick newborns, evidence for investment and implementation. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health; 2025.
Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2023, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; 2024.
Improving maternal and newborn health and survival and reducing stillbirth Progress Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
Lancet Report: Countdown to 2030 for women’s, children’s, and adolescents’ health. Forthcoming.
Six years to the SDG deadline. Six actions to reduce unacceptably high maternal, newborn and child deaths and stillbirths. Geneva: Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; 2024. Accessed from: https://pmnch.who.int/docs/librariesprovider9/meeting-reports/six-years-to-the-sdg-deadline.pdf?sfvrsn=9bf882d6_1.
Every Newborn: An Action Plan To End Preventable Deaths. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241507448.
Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health Data Portal [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2024. Available from: https://platform.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/global-strategy-data.
Accelerate progress towards reducing maternal, newborn and child mortality in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets 3.1 and 3.2. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Report No.: A77/A/CONF./5. [Available from: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB154/B154_CONF4-en.pdf]
Bradley E, Blencowe H, Moller A-B, Okwaraji YB, Sadler F, Gruending A, Moran AC, Requejo J, Ohuma EO, Lawn JE. Born Too Soon: Global epidemiology of preterm birth and drivers for change. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health.
Jamison DT, Summers LH, Chang AY, Karlsson O, Mao W, Norheim OF, et al. Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century. The Lancet. 2024;404(10462):1561–614.
Google Scholar
Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E, Idueta LS, Hazel E, Okwaraji YB, et al. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. The Lancet. 2023;401(10389):1707–19.
Google Scholar
Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Muthiani Y, Aboubaker S, Askari S, Bahl R, et al. Small vulnerable newborns—big potential for impact. The Lancet. 2023;401(10389):1692–706.
Google Scholar
Holditch-Davis D, Santos H, Levy J, White-Traut R, O’Shea TM, Geraldo V, et al. Patterns of psychological distress in mothers of preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2015;41:154–63.
Google Scholar
Waitzman NJ, Jalali A, Grosse SD. Preterm birth lifetime costs in the United States in 2016: An update. Semin Perinatol. 2021;45(3): 151390.
Google Scholar
Kluender R, Mahoney N, Wong F, Yin W. Medical Debt in the US, 2009–2020. JAMA. 2021;326(3):250–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8694.
Google Scholar
Himmelstein DU, Lawless RM, Thorne D, Foohey P, Woolhandler S. Medical Bankruptcy: Still Common Despite the Affordable Care Act. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(3):431–3. PMID: 30726124; PMCID: PMC6366487.
Google Scholar
Preterm birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Institute of Medicine; 2006. 10.17226/11622
Lai KC, Lorch SA. Healthcare Costs of Major Morbidities Associated with Prematurity in US Children’s Hospitals. J Pediatr. 2023;256:53-62.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.038.
Google Scholar
Melnyk BM, Feinstein NF. Reducing Hospital Expenditures With the COPE (Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) Program for Parents and Premature Infants: An Analysis of Direct Healthcare Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Costs and Savings. Nurs Adm Q. 2020;33(1):32–7. PMCID: PMC7521456. PMID: 19092521.
Google Scholar
Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Bahl R, Lawn JE, Salam RA, Paul VK, et al. Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost? The Lancet. 2014;384(9940):347–70.
Google Scholar
Black RE, Levin C, Walker N, Chou D, Liu L, Temmerman M. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities 3rd Edition. The Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2811–24.
Google Scholar
Hsieh TT, Chen SF, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Hsu JJ, Hung TH. The impact of interpregnancy interval and previous preterm birth on the subsequent risk of preterm birth. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;12(3):202–7.
Google Scholar
Ibrahimi S, Dongarwar D, Yusuf KK, Maiyegun SO, Salihu HM. Trends in childhood viable pregnancy and risk of stillbirth in the United States. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(8):2645–53.
Google Scholar
Hofmeyr GJ, Black RE, Rogozińska E, Heuer A, Walker N, Ashorn P, et al. Evidence-based antenatal interventions to reduce the incidence of small vulnerable newborns and their associated poor outcomes. Lancet. 2023;401(10389):1733–44.
Google Scholar
Hunter PJ, Awoyemi T, Ayede AI, Chico RM, David AL, Dewey KG, et al. Biological and pathological mechanisms leading to the birth of a small vulnerable newborn. Lancet. 2023;401(10389):1720–32.
Google Scholar
Kumari S, Garg N, Kumar A, Guru PKI, Ansari S, Anwar S, et al. Maternal and severe anaemia in delivering women is associated with risk of preterm and low birth weight: A cross sectional study from Jharkhand. India One Health. 2019;8: 100098.
Google Scholar
Carbonneau E, Dumas A, Brodeur-Doucet A, Fontaine-Bisson B. A Community Prenatal Intervention in Social Nutrition: Evaluating the Impact on Pregnancy and Birthweight Outcomes. Nutrients. 2022;14(6).
Yadav A, Pacheco SE. Prebirth effects of climate change on children’s respiratory health. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2023;35(3):344–9.
Google Scholar
Lakhoo DP, Brink N, Radebe L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of heat exposure impacts on maternal, fetal and neonatal health. Nat Med. 2025;31:684–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03395-8.
Google Scholar
Langlois EV, El Bizri M, Thompson K, Reid A, Khalil M, Gasparri G, Lawn JE, Dey T, Robb-McCord J, Benaskeur YI, Bonell A, Gidebo A, Scudder E, Kostelecky SM, Machawira P, Gronseth L, Prasad R, Sapkota D, SomaPillay P, Valsangkar B, Jacobsson B, Temmerman M. Born Too Soon: Integration of intersectoral interventions for impact on preterm birth. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health; 2025.
Bekker L-G, Alleyne G, Baral S, Cepeda J, Daskalakis D, Dowdy D, et al. Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals: the International AIDS Society – Lancet Commission. The Lancet. 2018;392(10144):312–58.
Google Scholar
Lawn JE, Bhutta ZA, Ezeaka C, Saugstad O. Ending Preventable Neonatal Deaths: Multicountry Evidence to Inform Accelerated Progress to the Sustainable Development Goal by 2030. Neonatology. 2023;120(4):491–9.
Google Scholar
Abubakar I, Dalglish SL, Angell B, Sanuade O, Abimbola S, Adamu AL, et al. The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation. The Lancet. 2022;399(10330):1155–200.
Google Scholar
The Global Strategy for Women’s. Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Accessed from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/global-strategy-womens-childrens-adolescents-health/.
Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(3):e385-e413.
Kumar MB, Bath D, Binyaruka P, Novignon J, Lawn JE, Pitt C. Donor aid mentioning newborns and stillbirths, 2002–19: an analysis of levels, trends, and equity. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(11):e1785–93.
Google Scholar
Levels and Trends in Child Mortality. Internet. United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; 2023. Accessed from: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/UNICEF-2023-Child-Mortality-Report.pdf.
Steege R, Mwaniki H, Ogueji IA, Baraka J, Salimu S, Kumar MB, et al. Protecting small and sick newborn care in the COVID-19 pandemic: multi-stakeholder qualitative data from four African countries with NEST360. BMC Pediatrics. 2023;23(2):572.
Google Scholar
Kamuyu R, Tarus A, Bundala F, Msemo G, Shamba D, Paul C, et al. Investment case for small and sick newborn care in Tanzania: systematic analyses. BMC Pediatrics. 2023;23(2):632.
Google Scholar
Lemishovska, Olesia ECONOMIC CATEGORIES OF “AMORTIZATION” AND “DEPRECIATION”: THE HISTORY OF ACCOUNTING CONCEPT FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 2017;3.:260-267. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2017-3-5-260-267.
Wanduru P, Hanson C, Kwesiga D, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Mölsted Alvesson H, Waiswa P. Parental participation in newborn care in the view of health care providers in Uganda: a qualitative study. Reproductive Health. 2024;21(1):155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-024-01896-w.
Google Scholar
Boerma T, Campbell OMR, Amouzou A, Blumenberg C, Blencowe H, Moran A, et al. Maternal mortality, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality: a transition model based on analyses of 151 countries. The Lancet Global Health. 2023;11(7):e1024–31.
Google Scholar
Stenberg K, Axelson H, Sheehan P, Anderson I, Gülmezoglu AM, Temmerman M, et al. Advancing social and economic development by investing in women’s and children’s health: a new Global Investment Framework. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1333–54.
Google Scholar
Datta V, Ghosh S, Aquino LD. Progressing towards SDG 2030 goals with system changes: the India Newborn Action Plan. BMJ Open Qual. 2022;11(Suppl 1).
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India Newborn Action Plan. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India 2014.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-21. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India; 2022.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. India Newborn Action Plan, progress report 2014-2020. National Health Mission.
Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, Arrow KJ, Berkley S, Binagwaho A, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. The Lancet. 2013;382(9908):1898–955.
Google Scholar
Investing in Newborn Health in South Asia. Kathmandu: UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia 2021. Accessed from: https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/investing-newborn-health-south-asia.
An Investment Framework for Meeting the Global Nutrition Target for Breastfeeding. Washington D.C: World Bank Group; 2017. Accessed from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0db94ab8-1c1b-53a5-ab77-26ed5cf3c796/content.
Shiffman J, Smith S. Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet. 2007;370(9595):1370–9.
Google Scholar
Heazell AEP, Siassakos D, Blencowe H, Burden C, Bhutta ZA, Cacciatore J, et al. Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences. The Lancet. 2016;387(10018):604–16.
Google Scholar
Keasley J, Blickwedel J, Quenby S. Adverse effects of exposure to armed conflict on pregnancy: a systematic review. BMJ Global Health. 2017;2(4): e000377.
Google Scholar
Global Humanitarian Overview 2025 [Internet]. Geneva: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; 2024 [Available from: https://www.unocha.org/events/global-humanitarian-overview-2025.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paris: United Nations; 1948. Accessed from: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.
Strategic, Adaptable and Multisectoral Leadership, Governance and Coordination. Bridging Research and Action in Conflict Settings for the Health of Women and Children. BRANCH Consortium; 2021. Accessed from: https://pmnch.who.int/resources/publications/m/item/women-s-and-children-s-health-in-conflict-settings-strategic-adaptable-and-multisectoral-leadership-governance-and-coordination.
Akl EA, El-Jardali F, Bou Karroum L, El-Eid J, Brax H, Akik C, et al. Effectiveness of Mechanisms and Models of Coordination between Organizations, Agencies and Bodies Providing or Financing Health Services in Humanitarian Crises: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2015;10(9): e0137159.
Google Scholar
Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for SRH in Crisis Situations [Internet]. New York: The UN Refugee Agency; 2006. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/media/minimum-initial-service-package-misp-reproductive-health-crisis-situations.
Rab F, Razavi D, Kone M, Sohani S, Assefa M, Tiwana MH, et al. Implementing community-based health program in conflict settings: documenting experiences from the Central African Republic and South Sudan. BMC Health Services Research. 2023;23(1):738.
Google Scholar
Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for SRH in Crisis Situations [Internet]. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2020. Available from: https://www.unfpa.org/resources/minimum-initial-service-package-misp-srh-crisis-situations.
Women’s and Children’s Health in Conflict Settings: Barriers and Facilitators to Delivering Effective Services. Branch Consortium; 2021. Accessed from: https://pmnch.who.int/docs/librariesprovider9/meeting-reports/barriers-to-and-facilitators-of-effective-service-delivery.pdf.
Engaging and Empowering a Localized Innovative Health Workforce. Branch Consortium; 2021. Accessed from: https://pmnch.who.int/docs/librariesprovider9/meeting-reports/engaging-and-empowering-localized-workforce.pdf.
Kinney MV, Ateva E, Cocoman O, Schaaf M, Wanduru P, Khalil M, Sacks E, Tames R, Suguitani D, Stahlhofer M, Malhotra J, Ten Hoope Bender P. Born Too Soon: Progress and priorities for respectful and rights-based preterm birth care. [In Press] BMC Reprod Health; 2025.
Kerber KJ, de Graft-Johnson JE, Bhutta ZA, Okong P, Starrs A, Lawn JE. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery. Lancet. 2007;370(9595):1358–69.
Google Scholar
Investing in the health and well-being of women. children and adolescents. Geneva: Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; 2024. Accessed from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/379011.
Resolving Inequalities in Black Maternal Health in New Jersey [Internet]. Boston: Scholars Strategy Network; 2024. Available from: https://scholars.org/contribution/resolving-inequalities-black-maternal-health#:~:text=The%20state%20must%20work%20together,opportunities%20and%20culturally%20competent%20support.
2024 March of Dimes Report Card: The state of maternal and infant health for American families. March of Dimes; 2024. Accessed from: https://www.marchofdimes.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/2024_MOD_Report_Card_and_Policy_Actions_Booklet_V1.pdf.
2022 March of Dimes Report Card. March of Dimes; 2022. Accessed from: https://stockton.edu/child-welfare-education-institute/documents/Birth-Equity-MOD22-Report.pdf.
Nurture NJ [Internet]. New Jersey: Nurture NJ. [Available from: https://nurturenj.nj.gov/.]
UNICEF Global Innovation Strategy and Framework 2.0: The ‘ABCs’ of innovation – Matching today’s challenges with tomorrow’s solutions. UNICEF; 2020. Accessed from: https://www.unicef.org/innovation/media/13521/file/UNICEF%20Global%20Innovation%20Strategy%20and%20Framework%202.0:%20The%20%E2%80%98ABCs%E2%80%99%20of%20innovation.pdf.
Agravat P, Loucaides EM, Kumar MB, Howells A, García AM, Sebina I, et al. Research funding for newborn health and stillbirths, 2011–20: a systematic analysis of levels and trends. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(11):e1794–804.
Google Scholar
Mohiddin A, Semrau KEA, Simon J, Langlois EV, Shiffman J, Nabwera H, et al. The ethical, economic, and developmental imperative to prevent small vulnerable newborns and stillbirths: essential actions to improve the country and global response. The Lancet. 2023;401(10389):1636–8.
Google Scholar
The Global Leaders Network for Women, Children, and Adolescent Health [Internet]. Geneva: Global Leaders Network; 2024. Available from: https://globalleadersnetwork.org/#aboutUs.
Global Leaders Network for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health [Internet]. Geneva: Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; 2024. Available from: https://pmnch.who.int/our-work/functions/partner-engagement/global-leaders-network.
Securing the health of every woman, child and adolescent [Internet]. Geneva: Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; 2024 [Available from: https://pmnch.who.int/news-and-events/events/item/2024/09/24/partner-events/urgent-action-for-women-s-children-s-and-adolescents-health-a-high-level-event-at-unga79.
Ministry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2023 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Key Indicators Report. Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland: MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF. 2022. Accessed from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR144/PPR144.pdf.
Good days ahead, says Samia [Internet]. Daily News; 2023. Available from: https://dailynews.co.tz/good-days-ahead-says-samia/.
Doris Mollel Foundation [Internet]. Available from: https://www.dorismollelfoundation.org/.
Decision on preterm babies draws positive response: The Citizen; 2024. Available from: https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/decision-on-preterm-babies-draws-positive-response-4610968.
Insurers now to include preterm babies on mother’s insurance [Internet]. The Citizen; 2022. Available from: https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/insurers-now-to-include-preterm-babies-on-mother-s-insurance-3759012.
Summit of the future outcome document. pact for the future, global digital compact and declaration on future generations. New York: United Nations; 2024. Accessed from:
link
